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Ubuntu ( ; )〔(【引用サイトリンク】first1=Desmond )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ftjdDOfTzbk )〕 is a Nguni Bantu term roughly translating to "human kindness." It is an idea from the Southern African region which means literally "human-ness", and is often translated as "humanity towards others", but is often used in a more philosophical sense to mean "the belief in a universal bond of sharing that connects all humanity". In Southern Africa, it has come to be used as a term for a kind of humanist philosophy, ethic or ideology, also known as Ubuntuism or Hunhuism (the latter after the corresponding Shona term) propagated in the Africanisation (transition to majority rule) process of these countries during the 1980s and 1990s. Since the transition to democracy in South Africa with the Nelson Mandela presidency in 1994, the term has become more widely known outside of Southern Africa, notably popularised to English language readers by Desmond Tutu (1999). ==History of the concept== The term ''ubuntu'' appears in South African sources from as early as the mid-19th century. Reported translations covered the semantic field of "human nature, humanness, humanity; virtue, goodness, kindness". Grammatically, the word combines the root ''-ntu'' "person, human being" with the class 14 ''ubu-'' prefix forming abstract nouns,〔see also Zulu noun classes on Wiktionary.〕 so that the term is exactly parallel in formation to the abstract noun ''humanity''.〔in the sense of an abstract quality. The sense "mankind" is taken by the class 7 collective noun ''isintu''.〕 The concept was popularised in terms of a "philosophy" or "world view" (as opposed to a quality attributed to an individual) beginning in the 1950s, notably in the writings of Jordan Kush Ngubane published in the ''African Drum'' magazine. From the 1970s, the ''ubuntu'' began to be described as a specific kind of "African humanism". Based on the context of Africanisation propagated by the political thinkers in the 1960s period of decolonisation, ''ubuntu'' was used as a term for a specifically African (or Southern African) kind of socialism or humanism found in blacks, but lacking in whites, in the context of the transition to black majority rule in Zimbabwe and South Africa. The first publication dedicated to ''ubuntu'' as a philosophical concept appeared in 1980, ''Hunhuism or Ubuntuism: A Zimbabwe Indigenous Political Philosophy'' (''hunhu'' being the Shona equivalent of Nguni ''ubuntu'') by Stanlake J. W. T. Samkange. Hunhuism or Ubuntuism is presented as political ideology for the new Zimbabwe, as Southern Rhodesia was granted independence from the United Kingdom. From Zimbabwe, the concept was taken over in South Africa in the 1990s as a guiding ideal for the transition from apartheid to majority rule. The term appears in the Epilogue of the Interim Constitution of South Africa (1993), "there is a need for understanding but not for vengeance, a need for reparation but not for retaliation, a need for ''ubuntu'' but not for victimisation".〔Christian B.N. Gade, "The Historical Development of the Written Discourses on Ubuntu", South African Journal of Philosophy 30(3), 303–329.()〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ubuntu (philosophy)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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